Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure conducted by placing a small fiberoptic scope into the lung of a patient, and injecting sterile water (saline) into the lung and removing the fluid. The sterile solution removed contains secretions, cells, and protein from the lower respiratory tract. This sample can be analyzed to provide more information about possible disease processes going on in the lungs

Fibrin glue has been used in obtaining hemostasis following trauma to spleen and liver. It has also been used in repair of Dural tear and bronchial fistula. Fibrin glue is a biological tissue adhesive based on the final stage of coagulation wherein. Thrombin acting on fibrinogen converts it into fibrin. Thus, it has two components, one is fibrinogen and another is thrombin. Fibrinogen can be obtained from patient’s own blood and thrombin from fresh frozen plasma of screened healthy donor.

A coronary artery stent is a small, self-expanding, metal mesh tube. It is placed inside a coronary artery after balloon angioplasty. This stent prevents the artery from re-closing. A drug-eluting stent is coated with a medicine. This medicine helps further prevent the arteries from re-closing.

Transcarinal needle aspiration in the diagnosis of mediastinal adenitis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Transcarinal needle aspiration of the main carina (TCNA) has been used to obviate the need for more invasive procedures, particularly thoracic surgery

Transbronchial biopsy is performed by pulmonologists to diagnose focal and diffuse lung diseases. Compared with open lung biopsy, transbronchial biopsy has lower morbidity and mortality.

Diathermy is a therapeutic modality that is most commonly used for joint conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The term diathermy refers to the creation of heat using electrical pulses

The oral brush biopsy was introduced to the dental profession in 1999. Thisbiopsy method utilizes an improved brush to obtain a complete transepithelialbiopsy specimen with cellular representation from each of the three layers of the lesion: the basal, intermediate, and superficial layers.

It is done to diagnose diseases of the tracheobronchial tree (e.g. burns, tumours),it Includes obtaining lung samples (e.g. airway biopsies, bronchial washings, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens)